瀝青混凝土，是將瀝青、礦料（包括粗集料、細(xì)集料）和填料按一定比例均勻拌合而成的混合材料，是現(xiàn)代化高等級(jí)公路、城市道路和機(jī)場(chǎng)道面非常主要的結(jié)構(gòu)層材料。一條黑色路面的品質(zhì)，歸根結(jié)底取決于瀝青混凝土的質(zhì)量——材料選得好、配合比設(shè)計(jì)得準(zhǔn)、施工控制得嚴(yán)，路面才能經(jīng)得起重載交通和出彩端氣候的雙重考驗(yàn)。

Asphalt concrete is a mixed material made by uniformly mixing asphalt, mineral aggregates (including coarse and fine aggregates), and fillers in a certain proportion. It is the most important structural layer material for modern high-grade highways, urban roads, and airport pavements. The quality of a black road ultimately depends on the quality of asphalt concrete - good material selection, accurate mix design, and strict construction control are necessary for the road to withstand the dual tests of heavy traffic and extreme weather.

瀝青混凝土的分類依據(jù)空隙率的不同而有所區(qū)分。中國(guó)制定的熱拌熱鋪瀝青混合料技術(shù)規(guī)范中，以空隙率10%及以下者稱為瀝青混凝土，又細(xì)分為Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型——Ⅰ型的孔隙率為3(或2)%-6%，屬密級(jí)配型；Ⅱ型為6%-10%，屬半開級(jí)配型；空隙率10%以上者稱為瀝青碎石，屬開級(jí)配型。密級(jí)配瀝青混凝土具有不透水、耐久性好的特點(diǎn)，是重交通道路面層的優(yōu)選。按礦料非常大粒徑，瀝青混凝土還可細(xì)分為粗粒式、中粒式和細(xì)粒式等類型。按施工溫度，可分為熱拌瀝青混合料、溫拌瀝青混合料和冷拌瀝青混合料等。

The classification of asphalt concrete varies according to the different void ratios. In the technical specifications for hot mix and hot lay asphalt mixtures formulated in China, those with a porosity of 10% or less are referred to as asphalt concrete, which is further divided into Type I and Type II - Type I has a porosity of 3 (or 2)% -6% and belongs to the dense grading type; Type II is 6% -10%, belonging to the semi open grading type; Asphalt crushed stone with a porosity of more than 10% is called open graded aggregate. Dense graded asphalt concrete has the characteristics of impermeability and good durability, and is the preferred surface layer for heavy traffic roads. According to the maximum particle size of the mineral aggregate, asphalt concrete can be further divided into coarse-grained, medium grained, and fine-grained types. According to the construction temperature, it can be divided into hot mix asphalt mixture, warm mix asphalt mixture, and cold mix asphalt mixture.

配合比設(shè)計(jì)是瀝青混凝土生產(chǎn)中非常核心的技術(shù)環(huán)節(jié)。瀝青混凝土配合比的設(shè)計(jì)過程分為三個(gè)階段：目標(biāo)配合比設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)配合比設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)配合比驗(yàn)證。三個(gè)階段的工作內(nèi)容雖有不同，但非常終要解決的問題是一致的：一是確定礦料的級(jí)配比例，二是確定非常佳瀝青用量。

Mix design is the most crucial technical step in the production of asphalt concrete. The design process of asphalt concrete mix proportion is divided into three stages: target mix proportion design, production mix proportion design, and production mix proportion verification. Although the work content of the three stages is different, the final problem to be solved is the same: first, to determine the grading ratio of the mineral aggregate, and second, to determine the optimal asphalt dosage.

目標(biāo)配合比設(shè)計(jì)階段，實(shí)驗(yàn)室根據(jù)選定的原材料，通過計(jì)算和試驗(yàn)確定礦料級(jí)配和非常佳瀝青用量。這一階段的核心是馬歇爾試驗(yàn)——將不同瀝青用量的混合料制成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)馬歇爾試件，測(cè)定其穩(wěn)定度、流值、空隙率、飽和度等體積參數(shù)，綜合考慮后確定非常佳瀝青用量。穩(wěn)定度反映混合料抵抗荷載的能力，流值反映混合料的塑性變形能力，兩者需要達(dá)到平衡。目標(biāo)配合比確定后，進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)配合比設(shè)計(jì)階段——根據(jù)攪拌站熱料倉的篩分結(jié)果，對(duì)目標(biāo)配合比進(jìn)行調(diào)整。非常后通過生產(chǎn)配合比驗(yàn)證階段，試拌試鋪，檢驗(yàn)混合料的路用性能是否滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。這三個(gè)階段環(huán)環(huán)相扣，明顯一步出現(xiàn)偏差都可能導(dǎo)致路面質(zhì)量不達(dá)標(biāo)。

In the stage of target mix design, the laboratory determines the mineral aggregate gradation and optimal asphalt dosage through calculation and experimentation based on the selected raw materials. The core of this stage is the Marshall test - making standard Marshall specimens from mixtures with different asphalt contents, measuring their stability, flow value, porosity, saturation and other volume parameters, and determining the optimal asphalt content after comprehensive consideration. Stability reflects the ability of the mixture to resist loads, while flow value reflects the plastic deformation ability of the mixture, and both need to reach a balance. After determining the target mix proportion, enter the production mix proportion design stage - adjust the target mix proportion based on the screening results of the hot material bin in the mixing plant. Finally, during the production mix proportion verification stage, trial mixing and paving are carried out to verify whether the road performance of the mixture meets the design requirements. These three stages are interrelated, and any deviation in any step may lead to substandard road quality.

瀝青混凝土的生產(chǎn)主要在瀝青攪拌站完成。攪拌工藝分為強(qiáng)制間歇式和連續(xù)式兩大類。間歇式攪拌設(shè)備先將骨料烘干、加熱、篩分，按級(jí)配分配到不同的熱料倉中，然后按照配合比準(zhǔn)確稱量后，與熱瀝青、礦粉在攪拌缸中混合。這種工藝可以在幾分鐘內(nèi)更換配方，生產(chǎn)不同規(guī)格的混合料，靈活性出眾。連續(xù)式攪拌設(shè)備則將骨料的加熱烘干和混合料的攪拌在同一個(gè)滾筒中連續(xù)進(jìn)行，生產(chǎn)效率高但難以保證嚴(yán)格的級(jí)配。高等級(jí)公路瀝青路面通常采用強(qiáng)制間歇式攪拌設(shè)備生產(chǎn)。

The production of asphalt concrete is mainly completed in asphalt mixing plants. The stirring process is divided into two categories: forced intermittent and continuous. The intermittent mixing equipment first dries, heats, and screens the aggregate, distributes it to different hot material bins according to gradation, and then accurately weighs it according to the mix proportion, and mixes it with hot asphalt and mineral powder in the mixing tank. This process can change the formula within a few minutes and produce mixtures of different specifications, with extremely high flexibility. Continuous mixing equipment heats and dries the aggregate and mixes the mixture continuously in the same drum, which has high production efficiency but is difficult to ensure strict grading. High grade highway asphalt pavement is usually produced using forced intermittent mixing equipment.

施工質(zhì)量控制是瀝青混凝土從“合格材料”變?yōu)椤皟?yōu)良路面”的關(guān)鍵一躍。施工過程中的關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)包括：原材料的嚴(yán)格檢驗(yàn)、施工環(huán)境的精細(xì)調(diào)控（溫度、濕度）、混合料的拌和溫度與時(shí)間、運(yùn)輸過程中的保溫措施、攤鋪時(shí)的速度與厚度控制、突出的遍數(shù)與溫度等。溫度控制尤為重要——瀝青混合料從拌和出料到攤鋪突出，溫度始終在下降，明顯一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的延誤都可能導(dǎo)致混合料溫度低于施工要求，影響壓實(shí)度和路面的使用壽命。同時(shí)，施工過程中的材料波動(dòng)、工藝控制不嚴(yán)格、環(huán)境變化等因素容易引發(fā)離析、早期裂縫等質(zhì)量問題。

Construction quality control is the key leap for asphalt concrete to transform from a "qualified material" to a "high-quality pavement". The key control points during the construction process include strict inspection of raw materials, precise control of the construction environment (temperature, humidity), mixing temperature and time of the mixture, insulation measures during transportation, speed and thickness control during paving, number of rolling passes and temperature, etc. Temperature control is particularly important - from mixing and discharging to paving and rolling, the temperature of asphalt mixture is always decreasing. Any delay in any link may cause the temperature of the mixture to be lower than the construction requirements, affecting the compaction degree and the service life of the road surface. Meanwhile, factors such as material fluctuations, lax process control, and environmental changes during the construction process can easily lead to quality issues such as segregation and early cracks.

隨著路面工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展，瀝青混凝土家族也在不斷壯大。SMA（瀝青瑪脂碎石混合料）以優(yōu)良的抗車轍性能在高速公路面層中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。Superpave設(shè)計(jì)方法作為馬歇爾法的升級(jí)版，在高等級(jí)公路中逐步推廣。澆注式瀝青混凝土因其不透水性和適應(yīng)變形能力強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)，在鋼橋面鋪裝中獨(dú)具優(yōu)勢(shì)。溫拌再生瀝青混合料則將廢舊路面材料循環(huán)利用與節(jié)能減排相結(jié)合，代表了綠色路面材料的發(fā)展方向。瀝青混凝土——這條黑色路面的“鋼鐵脊梁”——正在技術(shù)的推動(dòng)下變得更加堅(jiān)韌、耐久和環(huán)保。

With the development of pavement engineering technology, the asphalt concrete family is also constantly growing. SMA (asphalt macadam mixture) has been widely used in highway surface layers due to its excellent anti rutting performance. The Superpave design method, as an upgraded version of the Marshall method, is gradually being promoted in high-grade highways. Cast asphalt concrete has unique advantages in steel bridge deck paving due to its impermeability and strong adaptability to deformation. Warm mix recycled asphalt mixture combines the recycling of waste pavement materials with energy conservation and emission reduction, representing the development direction of green pavement materials. Asphalt concrete - the "steel backbone" of this black road surface - is becoming more resilient, durable, and environmentally friendly with the advancement of technology.

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